"NbS facts and figures" refers to evidence-based information about the benefits, features, and outcomes associated with nature-based solutions (NbS) to address environmental, societal, and financial challenges. They might include quantifiable data, statistics, and information related to the effectiveness and impact of specific NbS and how they contribute to overall environmental sustainability.
This page contains a first prototype of the NbS Facts web-tool. Further updates will include facility for users to contribute their own facts to the database.
Displaying 51 - 100 of 237
| Definition | Theme | Priority Themes | Ecosystems | Target Sector | Societal challenges | Country | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mangroves provide flood protection benefits exceeding $US 65 billion per year. | Mangrove | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Coastal, shelf and open ocean | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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Not found | ||
| Kelp restoration is an important marine NaturebasedSolution Expanding kelp habitats mitigates climate change by developing carbonsinks, like afforestation, storing up to 10 billion tonnes of CO2 per year. | Marine | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Coastal, shelf and open ocean | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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Not found | ||
| Research from the NASciences shows that NCS can provide over one-third of the cost-effective climate mitigation needed between now and 2030 to stabilize warming to below 2 °C. | Climate mitigation | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | All | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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United States | ||
| According to a new study by the Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), commissioned by WWF, restoring degraded habitats that fall under the EU Habitats Directive could sequester 84 million tonnes of carbon (MtC) – or around 300 million tonnes of carbon dioxide – a year, equivalent to the annual GHG emissions of Spain. | Restoration | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | All | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Spain | https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_briefing_paper_nature_r… |
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| In all sectors, our estimates showed that NBS implementation can reduce urban carbon emissions from the spatial unit of its implementation (30 m × 30 m land use grid) by up to 25%. In the transport sector, carbon emissions can be reduced by up to 1.4% by improving streetscape design (that is, improving street greening design, narrower roads), as well as improving accessibility to urban parks and agriculture to create more agreeable environments for walking and cycling in urban centres, and thus reducing the need for automobile travel, and associated carbon emissions from fuel combustion. | Urban | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Urban ecosystems | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Not found | ||
| In Scotland, a riverrestoration project successfully reduced flood peaks by 30% avoiding an estimated £GBP 950,000 of flood damages and protecting 500 properties downstream. | Restoration | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Rivers, lakes and ponds | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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United Kingdom | ||
| In the largest laboratory experiment ever constructed to investigate this phenomenon, the researchers have shown that over a distance of 40 metres, the salt marsh reduced the height of large waves in deep water by 18%, making them an effective tool for reducing the risk of coastal erosion and flooding. | Coastal | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Marine inlets and transitional water | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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Not found | https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/salt-marsh-plants-key-to-reducing-c… |
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| As of October 2023, GCTWF teams have cleared more than 46,000 hectares of invasive trees. This recovers about 15.2 billion liters of water per year (42 million liters per day) back into the water catchment and keeps the rivers flowing. | Restoration | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Urban ecosystems | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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South Africa | https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/africa/stories-in-a… |
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| Seagrasses stand as a crucial habitat for many species and are great carbonsinks sequestering carbon faster than tropical forests. While they make up only 0.1% of the ocean surface, seagrasses store 18% of the world’s oceanic carbon and provide nursery habitat for 20% of the world’s largest commercial fisheries. | Coastal | Biodiversity enhancement and ecosystem restoration | Coastal, shelf and open ocean | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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Not found | https://www.unep.org/resources/report/out-blue-value-seagrasses-environ… |
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| Healthy coastal dune ecosystems can provide efficient ecosystem based adaptation and disaster risk reduction by protecting shorelines against storm surges and coastal erosion. Research in the Northern Adriatic Sea has found dune restoration to reduce maximum flooding water by 42% and 25% under current sea level and high hazard scenario respectively. | Coastal | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Coastal, shelf and open ocean | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Italy | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964569119309445 |
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| ProtectedAreas create substantial economic benefits besides safeguarding ecosystems and species. In the EU, the Natura2000 network of protected areas is estimated to generate between 200 and 300 billion euros per year in tourism and recreation, disaster risk reduction, water provision and food security. | Protection | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | All | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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Not found | https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c344196e-bb73-… |
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| Coastal ecosystems provide key ecosystem services from seashore stabilization to carbonsequestration. We conservatively estimate that the economic value of oyster reef services, excluding oyster harvesting, is between $5500 and $99,000 per hectare per year and that reefs recover their median restoration costs in 2–14 years. | Coastal | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Coastal, shelf and open ocean | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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Not found | https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/62/10/900/238172 |
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| Green Infrastructure can make a large contribution to air pollution abatement in cities. Mixed hedges and trees along roads have shown to decrease particulate matter concentrations by up to 50 percent. | Air pollution | Zero pollution | Urban ecosystems | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Not found | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1352231018308938… |
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| Europe’s forests provide essential water regulation and flood mitigation services. In water-basins where the forest cover is 30%, water retention is 25% higher than in basins where the forest cover is only 10%. In basins where the forest cover is 70%, water retention is 50% higher than in basins where the forest cover is only 10%. | Forests | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Forest | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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Not found | https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/water-retention-potential-of-for… |
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| The improvement of the Glasgow Green park landscape and amenities increased the attractiveness of the surrounding area, leading to additional council tax revenue of £800K – £2M. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Urban ecosystems | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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United Kingdom | Final Report for Defra and Natural England. Eftec/Sheffield Hallam Univ/Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research. July 2013. in EA compilation of killer facts.https://ecosystemsknowledge.net/sites/default/files/wp-content/uploads/… |
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| A “leaky pond” in the Belford Burn catchment, holding 800 m3 of water, takes roughly 8 to 12 hours to drain from full to empty and delays the peak flow 1 km downstream by app. 15 mins | Biodiversity enhancement and ecosystem restoration | Rivers, lakes and ponds | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | Source: Belford catchment proactive flood solutions: a toolkit for managing runoff in the rural landscape. ME Wilkinson and PF Quinn. School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| “Leaky ponds” in the Belford Burn catchment, led to the following average reductions in pollutant concentrations downstream during storms: suspended solids 40%, total phosphorus 25% and nitrate 15%. | Zero pollution | Rivers, lakes and ponds | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | Source: A framework for managing runoff and pollution in the rural landscape using a Catchment Systems Engineering approach. M.E.Wilkinson et al. Science of the Total Environment 468–469 (2014) 1245–1254. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| Overall the maintenance costs associated with the Lamb Drove SuDS at Cambourne in Cambs are 4% lower than costs associated with equivalent conventional pipe drainage systems. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Urban ecosystems | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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United Kingdom | Source: Monitoring the Lamb Drove SuDS in Cambourne, Cambridgeshire ;Presentation - 6 September 2013 - R. Stevens and F. Ogunyoye – Royal Haskonin DHV – proper reference to be obtained. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| The capital costs of the Lamb Drive SuDS at Cambourne in Cambs scheme were found to be £314 per property cheaper than the equivalent alternative pipe drainage system needed for such a site. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Urban ecosystems | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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United Kingdom | Source: Monitoring the Lamb Drove SuDS in Cambourne, Cambridgeshire;Presentation - 6 September 2013 - R. Stevens and F. Ogunyoye – Royal Haskonin DHV – proper reference to be obtained. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| Visitors to Ladywell Fields urban greenspace increased by > 250% after restoration of the R. Ravensbourne. 78% of visitors to Ladywell Fields felt “safe” or “very safe” after restoration of the R. Ravensbourne through the park compared with 44% before restoration. | Sustainable urban and regional transformation | Urban ecosystems | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | Source: Mayesbrook Park - a park adapted to climate change. London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. Publication MC6826. July 2012. |
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| The average amount of time spent per person in Sutcliffe Park increased from 8 hrs per month before “daylighting” of the R. Quaggy to 11.5 hrs after restoration – an increase of 44%. | Sustainable urban and regional transformation | Urban ecosystems | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | Source: Mayesbrook Park - a park adapted to climate change. London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. Publication MC6826. July 2012. |
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| The award-winning restoration of the R. Quaggy and creation of associated wetlands through Sutcliffe Park in South London created 85,000 cubic metres of flood storage and significantly reduced the flood risk to 600 properties. | Sustainable urban and regional transformation | Rivers, lakes and ponds | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | Source: Mayesbrook Park - a park adapted to climate change. London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. Publication MC6826. July 2012. |
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| Re-wetting the Exmoor Mires by blocking drainage ditches has led to an increase in the volume of water stored in the peat of between 0.005 and 0.013 cubic metres per square metre. This equates to an increase in water storage of app 2000-6000 cubic metres across the 46ha spooners sub-catchment area; It has also reduced storm flows to 32% of the pre-restoration level, which for example equates to app 8000 cubic metres per hectare per year. | Biodiversity enhancement and ecosystem restoration | Rivers, lakes and ponds | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | Source: Exmoor Mires/Exeter Univ/EA Dec 13 – in prep (EA compilation of killer facts) |
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| During drought periods, drain blocking in the upland blanket bog of the Berwyn and South Clwyd Mountains SAC led to drain flows being more stable and up to 3x higher than those prior to blocking. During storm events, drain blocking in the upland blanket bog of the Berwyn and South Clwyd Mountains SAC reduced average d/s stream flows by a third, from 7.5 cumecs prior to blocking, to 5 cumecs after blocking. | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Rivers, lakes and ponds | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | Source: Wilson et at (2011). The impact of drain blocking on an upland blanket bog during storm and drought events, and the importance of sampling-scale. Journal of Hydrology 404, pp. 198-208, in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| In Hiedanranta, one of the sites, thanks to the cooperation between local universities and a company producing bio-char to develop new bio-filtration solutions to treat contaminated waters, has created new business opportunities around NBS. That will provide homes for 13 000 people and jobs for 3 000 to 5 000 people. Innovative, co-created NBS systems demonstrated in Vuores will be scaled up and further developed in Hiedanranta, which is a former industrial area slated for development into a housing area for 25 000 inhabitants and more than 10 000 jobs. | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Urban ecosystems | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Finland | |||
| Shade provided by trees in the New Forest reduces water temperature by up to 5.5°C on hot summer days compared to open grassland sections, preventing it from rising above the lethal limit for brown trout. | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Forest | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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United Kingdom | Source: The influence of riparian shade on lowland stream temperatures in southern England and their viability for Brown Trout. Broadmeadow et al. River Research and Applications DOI: 10.1002/rra.1354. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| Infiltration rates at Pont Bren are up to 60 times higher under young native woodland shelterbelts compared to adjacent heavily grazed pasture, with 90% of the improvement occurring within two years of stock removal and tree planting. | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Forest | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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United Kingdom | Source: Carroll, Z.L., Bird, S.B., Emmett, B.A., Reynolds, B. and Sinclair, F.L. (2004). Investigating the impact of tree shelterbelts on agricultural soils. In: Landscape ecology of trees and forests. Edited by R. Smithers. International Association for Landscape Ecology (UK). in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| The interception loss as a proportion of daily rainfall is up to 7 mm/day for conifers and 1-2 mm/day for broadleaves, depending on season. These values equate to a potential reduction of 10-20 m3/ha of flood runoff for planting broadleaved woodland on grassland and up to 70 m3/ha for conifers. | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Grassland | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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United Kingdom | Source: Calder, I. R. (2003) Assessing the water use of short vegetation and forests: Development of the Hydrological Land Use Change model. Water Resources Research, 39, 1319-1328. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| The generally greater water use by woodland compared to shorter vegetation generates greater soil moisture deficits in summer periods. This can amount to several 10s of mm of additional potential soil water storage available under trees, which could help to significantly reduce flood runoff during summer storms (1 mm = 10 m3/ha of water). | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Forest | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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United Kingdom | Source: Calder I.R. et al. (2003) Impact of lowland forests in England on water resources: Application of the Hydrological Land Use Change (HYLUC) model. Water Resources Research, 39, 1319-132; |
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| Field studies demonstrate that the hydraulic roughness associated with a dense stand of willow coppice on the floodplain are more than 5x times that of grass. The willow coppice thus acts as a drag on flood waters, slowing down flood flows and enhancing flood storage. | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Grassland | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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United Kingdom | Source: Chow V.T. (1959) Open channel hydraulics. New York: Mc-Graw Hill. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| The ‘SOWAP’ project concluded that conservation agriculture could help reduce waterrun-off in soils by as much as 90%, even during heavy rainfall. Visiting farmers were also shown thatsoil erosion could be reduced by as much as 95% on light sandy soils and soil functions could be improved resulting in higher levels of carbon, nitrogenand soil water retention. | Sustainable food systems (including soil and agriculture) | Cropland | Subnational, national and EU policy-makers |
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Spain | Donana (ES): LIFE04 ENV/ES/000269; https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/life/publications/lifepublica… |
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| Derry and Strabane Council’s Natural Capital Account found that its green spaces will yield £1 billion of benefits in terms of mental and physical wellbeing to 2032. The report places an annual net value of £75m on Council’s natural capital assets with £49m in mental wellbeing value and £26m in physical health value. It estimates that for every £1 spent by Council on green spaces, this provides £22 in return to society. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Urban ecosystems | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | https://d1ssu070pg2v9i.cloudfront.net/pex/carnegie_uk_trust/2020/02/250… |
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| Greened roofs in Utrecht will help cool solar panels, boost biodiversity and absorb about 5.4 tonnes of carbon dioxide. The city aims for every roof to be either green or used for solar panels. | Sustainable urban and regional transformation | Urban ecosystems | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Netherlands | https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2020/mar/27/utrecht-rooftops-greened-plants-mosses-vertical-forest accessed 07/04/20;Source: Oppla newsletter |
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| Four managed realignment sites in the Blackwater Estuary, totalling app. 220 ha in area, are sequestering and storing 15 tonnes of phosphorus per year and 690 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year. | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Marine inlets and transitional water | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Not found | Source: Carbon Burial and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes of New Intertidal and Saltmarsh Sediments. C. Adams. PhD thesis. October 2008. University of East Anglia School of Environmental Sciences. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| The 400 ha Alkborough Flats managed realignment scheme in the Humber estuary cost app. £10M to build and provided £12M of storm protection benefits to land and property. Other ecosystems services benefits linked to the scheme were app. £1M per annum. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Urban ecosystems | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | Source: Ecosystems Services Case Studies. M. Everard. Environment Agency Science Report. ISBN: 978-1-84911-042-6. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| Over a distance of 40 metres, salt marsh reduced the height of large waves in deep water by 18%, making them an effective tool for reducing the risk of coastal erosion and flooding. 60% of this reduction is due to the presence of marsh plants alone. | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Marine inlets and transitional water | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Not found | Source: Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm conditions. Moller et al. Nature Geoscience 7, 727–731 (2014). in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| Fisheries surveys carried out at the Medmerry managed realignment site in Sussex, one year after breaching, revealed that it was already providing valuable important nursery areas for 21 fish species, including commercially important Bass, Gilthead Bream, Herring and Grey Mullet. | Biodiversity enhancement and ecosystem restoration | Coastal, shelf and open ocean | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | Source: EA/IFCA Medmerry small fish survey report. June/July 2015. Kathryn Nelson, Senior Research Officer, Sussex IFCA. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| Common Frog spawn clump counts increased from 10 clumps to 521 clumps in the first 4 years of the Boldventure Beaver project due to the creation of 13 ponds by the Beavers. | Biodiversity enhancement and ecosystem restoration | Inland wetland | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United Kingdom | Source: Pers comm.. Mark Elliott. Beaver Project Lead. Devon Wildlife Trust. Nov 2015. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| Having protected areas is worth it. One pair of Ospreys breeding at the Montgomery Wildlife Trust Cors Dyfi reserve in Wales, have attracted 35,000 extra visits to the area bringing in an estimated £350,000 a year locally. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Forest | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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United Kingdom | Source: Invest in the Pumlumon Project – Wildlife Trusts Brochure for Green Investors. in EA compilation of killer facts. |
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| The AYBOTCON project achieved its main objective of reversing the unfavourable populations trends for bittern (Botaurus stellaris) and ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca) in East Slovakia. This was done through the restoration/management of around 280 ha of water biotopes in the Medzibodrožie SPA Natura 2000 network site, within an intensively-used agricultural area. Overall, the environmental quality of the wetlands area was improved, and the area was made more attractive to visitors. | Biodiversity enhancement and ecosystem restoration | Rivers, lakes and ponds | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Slovakia | AYBOTCON project; https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseac… |
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| Although mangroves have great value for their intrinsic biodiversity, they also benefit communities that are working to adapt to and mitigate the effects of a changing climate. Mangrove roots stabilize coastal soils, reducing erosion and flood levels during storms, while forests buffer shorelines from the full impact of waves. These flood protection benefits alone exceed $65 billion per year. Additionally, mangroves absorb atmosphere-warming carbon dioxide and sequester this carbon for centuries in the underlying soil. It’s estimated that mangrove forests store three to five times more carbon in their soil per acre than other tropical forests. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Coastal, shelf and open ocean | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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Not found | source: PEDRR newsletter;Mangrove Protections Can Provide Conservation Wins |
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| The Parks Alliance recently estimated that the annual economic value of the benefits provided by parks in England was £6.6bn, and for every £1 spent on parks they provide between £7 and £10 of quantified benefits. These benefits include, for example, an estimated £680m in value to the economy from the 1,500 species of UK pollinators in species-rich urban green spaces. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Urban ecosystems | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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United Kingdom | https://www.newstatesman.com/2020/07/case-green-infrastructure |
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| At around EUR 5.8 billion, the annual costs of maintaining the Natura 2000 network are only a fraction of the economic benefits generated by the network through services such as carbon storage, flood mitigation, water purification, pollination and fish protection, together worth EUR 200-300 billion annually. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Forest | NBS investors and entrepreneurs |
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Not found | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0… |
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| It has been estimated that the Natura 2000 network currently stores around 9.61 billion tonnes of carbon. In a scenario of quality improvements (improved land-use management), carbon stocks would increase to 9.78 billion tonnes of carbon, while a 10% increase in forest protected areas would increase carbon stocks to 9.89 billion tonnes. | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | Forest | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Not found | https://ieep.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Economic_Benefits_of_Natura_… |
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| It has been estimated that the €5.8 billion needed for the full implementation of the Natura 2000 network would support 104,000 direct jobs related to the management of protected areas and conservation activities. Additionally, this spending would support 174,000 indirect and induced jobs in the EU. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Forest | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Not found | https://environment.ec.europa.eu/news/natura-2000-award-10th-anniversar… |
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| In addition to conservation-related jobs, Natura 2000 also supports jobs related to sustainable production in the agriculture, fisheries and forestry sectors. Current estimates are incomplete, but suggest, for example, that 1.3 million of the 9.6 million farming jobs and 73,000 forestry jobs in the EU are linked directly or indirectly to Natura 2000. Another sector that relies significantly on Natura 2000 is tourism; of the 12 million people employed in the tourism sector in the EU, 3.1 million are linked to protected areas, and up to 2 million specifically to Natura 2000 sites. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | Forest | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Not found | https://ieep.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Natura_2000_and_Jobs_-_Execu… |
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| In the EU, the expenditure needed to restore 15% of Europe’s degraded ecosystems was estimated to translate into 20,000 FTE to 70,000 FTE jobs, or between 0.07 FTE/and 0.23 FTE annually per km2 restored . | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | All | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Not found | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A52022S… |
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| Based on 14 restoration programmes in the US, it was estimated that the average number of jobs created for every USD 1 million invested in restoration programmes is 6.8 for local-level wetland restoration, 33.3 for invasive species removal, and 39.7 for national-level forest, land and watershed restoration. The employment multiplier (i.e. the number of jobs supported by every restoration job) was found to be between 1.48 and 3.8, while the output multiplier was between 1.6 and 2.59 (i.e. total economic output per unit of investment). These multiplier values are comparable to those of other industries in the US, such as oil and gas, agriculture and recreation. | Sustainable finance, investment and just transition | All | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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United States | https://www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/iucn-nbr-tp-3-compress… |
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| Globally, nature-based solutions (i.e. biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, and improved land management actions) that increase carbon storage and/or avoid greenhouse gas emissions across forests, wetlands, grasslands, and agricultural lands can provide 37% of the cost-effective climate mitigation needed between by 2030 to stabilize warming to below 2°C. | Climate change adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience | All | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Not found | |||
| GO GREEN! project estimated that, if correctly positioned, simple hedges mixed with trees can reduce exposure to particulate matter by 50 % - a significant result with a positive effect on the health of EU citizens. | Zero pollution | Urban ecosystems | Local and sub-national governments and their public authorities |
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Not found | https://ec.europa.eu/research/infocentre/article_en.cfm?artid=53185 |